散文精选网克什米尔问题
Kashmir: The Heart of the Matter
克什米尔：问题的核心
By: Sidra Tariq Jamil
西德拉·塔里克·贾米尔
Kashmir is a heaven for lovers of nature and beauty, a place for everyone to see. However, in recent times, a shadow has descended on Kashmir’s magnificence. This overshadowing is that of conflict, radicalism, and uprising. Once a destination for tranquility, today Kashmir is placed devoid of peace. Since, partition in 1947, control for the greater Kashmir region has been a topic of continual dispute between India and Pakistan. Similar, to other protracted conflicts around the world, the Kashmiri conflict has evolved into multifaceted issues that are not mutually exclusive.
克什米尔米尔是自然美景的天堂，一个让所有人都赏心悦目的地方。然而，近年以来，美丽的克什米尔笼罩着一片阴影。这片阴影包含着冲突、激进主义和暴动。克什米尔曾经是安谧宁静之地，今天却没有了和平。自1947年印巴分治以来，对大克什米尔地区的控制一直是印度和巴基斯坦之间持续争议的话题。类似于世界上其他旷日持久的冲突，克什米尔冲突如今已经演变成了相互关联的多方面问题的集合。
Its two closest neighbors, Pakistan and India have fought three major wars, attempting to decide this region’s fate. As a consequence, an intensive asymmetric conflict remains ongoing. Numerous “ceasefire violations” have taken place across the Line of Control (LoC).
为了决定该地区的命运，巴基斯坦和印度这两个距离最近的邻国之间进行了三次重大战争。作为一个结果，激烈而不平衡的冲突仍在继续。克什米尔实际控制线（LoC）两侧发生了许多“违反停火的行为”。
Today the Kashmiri conflict has a further implication that goes beyond a regional dimension. In more narrow terms the lack of any conclusive political resolution and social stability measure has left Kashmiris divided and coping with an uncertain future. Clearly too, the recent Kashmir’s burgeoning tourist industry, in a land of immense beauty, seen as a way to get much needed foreign investment into the area has once again faded completely in the face of military actions and civil disturbances.
如今，克什米尔冲突还具备超越区域层面的进一步含义。从更狭隘的角度来看，由于没有任何决定性的政治解决办法和社会稳定措施，所以克什米尔人互相分裂，并不得不应对一个不确定的未来。很明显，最近克什米尔新兴的旅游业，在这片美丽无比的土地上，是吸引迫切需要的外国投资进入该地区的一种方式，但是在战火纷飞和内部动荡的情况下，外国投资再次完全消失。
During 1970’s and into the 80’s, India’s Kashmir policies alienated much of the local population. Historically, one can argue that local elections saw widespread rigging and fraud. This led to increased discontent, mass labor strikes and protests, many of which began as non-violent means of grievance redress. Over time, mainly resulting from policing and military reactions to these protests, violence began to be the norm. These protests can be further seen as an attempt to undermine the widespread corruption and misrule. Those who protested were quickly branded as pro-Pakistani.
在二十世纪70年代和80年代间，印度的克什米尔米尔政策使当地的大部分人离心离德。从历史上看，人们可以说地方选举中普遍存在操纵和欺诈现象。这导致了更多的不满、大规模的劳工罢工和抗议活动，其中许多都是非暴力的手段，只为了获得补偿。随着时间的推移，主要是军警针对这些抗议活动所做出的反应，使得暴力开始成为常态。这些抗议活动被看作是企图打破普遍存在的腐败和不当统治的方式。那些抗议的人很快就被贴上“亲巴基斯坦”的标签。
The current wave of unabated terror and cycles of killings in Kashmir was sparked in reaction to the brutal killing of Burhan Wani, who was a popular commander of a rebel group. On June 14 2018, the continuing carnage in occupied Kashmir propagated by Indian forces was recently highlighted by a most authoritative source, the United Nations (UN). Here, the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights Zeid Raa’ad issued the first-ever report examining both sides of Kashmir’s Line of Control (LoC). The report carried out an independent investigation into allegations of human rights abuses. Looking specifically at allegations from the past two years in Indian held Kashmir as well as Pakistani-administered areas of Kashmir, namely Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Kashmir.
目前克什米尔持续不断的恐怖活动和杀戮循环是对布尔汉·瓦尼(Burhan Wani)惨遭杀害的反应。瓦尼是一个受欢迎的反叛组织指挥官。2018年6月14日，一个最权威的消息来源——联合国(UN)——揭露了印度军队在克什米尔占领区持续不断的屠杀。就此，联合国人权事务高级专员扎伊德·拉亚德（Zeid Raa’ad）发表了第一份审查关于克什米尔控制线两侧的报告。该报告特别集中于对过去两年印度控制的克什米尔以及巴基斯坦控制的克什米尔地区的指控，即吉尔吉特-巴蒂尔斯坦（Gilgit-Baltistan）和自由克什米尔（Azad Kashmir）。
This UN report noted the deepest concern over Indians brutality and violations of human rights in Kashmir. The report went on to highlight in detail a number of human rights violations by Indian forces within occupied Kashmir ranging from torture, mass killing, suppression of freedom of expression, sexual abuse and political repression. The report also condemns India’s use of excessive force against peaceful demonstrations in 2016, which led to unlawful killings and a large number of injuries among protestors. Within this report, there is an estimate that from 2016-2018 at least 145 Kashmiris have been killed by Indian armed forces. The scales such abuses are clear and abominable. Indian atrocities against Kashmiris have reached horrific levels that even many of India’s international friends have been unable to ensure continued impunity for India.
这份联合国报告表现出了对印度人在克什米尔的暴行和侵犯人权行为的最深切关注。报告还详细强调了印度部队在被占领的克什米尔境内的一些侵犯人权行为，包括酷刑、大规模杀戮、压制言论自由、性侵犯和政治压迫。报告还谴责印度在2016年针对和平示威过度使用武力，导致非法杀戮，致使大量抗议者伤亡。据该报告中估计，2016~2018年间，至少有145名克什米尔人被印度武装部队杀害。这种滥用武力的尺度是显而易见的，是令人发指的。印度对克什米尔人的暴行达到了骇人听闻的程度，即使是印度的许多国际朋友也无法容忍印度继续逍遥法外。
It is clear that these violations should not be ignored and action needs to be taken. Indeed, although, this report is of the highest level of investigation, the Indian Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) denounced the 49-page report. The government of India called the report “politically motivated, malicious and fallacious”.
显然，这些侵权行为不应被忽视，我们必须采取行动。事实上，尽管这份报告是最高级别的调查，但印度外交部(MEA)却谴责了这份49页的报告。印度政府称这份报告“出于政治动机，充满恶意和谬误”。
This UN report, can neither solely bring justice to the Kashmiri people, nor will it entice the world to care, more about the blight of the people of Kashmir. However, this report allows other countries to start thinking. To begin to speak out against the occupation and this is something that India may not be prepared to tolerate. This report should also be noted for a sense of optimism, in that finally the UN broke its loud silence on the current state of oppression in Kashmir. Hence, this brings a significant victory for Kashmiris. For the first time, the UN has called for an international investigation into human rights abuses in Kashmir by Indian forces.
联合国的这份报告，既不能为克什米尔人民伸张正义，也不会吸引全世界更多地关心克什米尔人民的痛苦。然而，这份报告让其他国家开始反思，开始公开反对占领，这大概是印度不打算容忍的。对这份报告还应以乐观态度看待，因为联合国终于打破了对克什米尔当前压迫状态的沉默。因此，这给克什米尔人带来了重大胜利。这是联合国第一次呼吁国际社会调查印度军队在克什米尔侵犯人权的行为。
In order to seek balance, the UN report also assessed the human rights situation in the Pakistan-administrated areas of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan. The report admits that the situation there is of a different magnitude and of a more structural nature. In an interview, the former Foreign Minister of Pakistan Mr Khurshid Mehmud Kasuri said that “Kashmir is an integral part of Pakistan and during his tenure, Pakistan started serious dialogue with India on Jammu and Kashmir. He further noted that “currently our relations [India and Pakistan] are very poor that we are criticizing each other and India will have to change its policies towards Pakistan in order to bring peace and stability to the war-afflicted region”.
为了保持公正，联合国报告还评估了巴基斯坦控制的自由克什米尔和吉尔吉特-巴蒂尔斯坦地区的人权状况。报告承认，那里的局势与印控区状态不同，结构性质也不同。巴基斯坦前外交部长胡尔希德·迈赫穆德·卡苏里（Khurshid Mehmud Kasuri）先生在接受采访时说：“克什米尔是巴基斯坦不可分割的一部分，在他任职期间，巴基斯坦就查谟和克什米尔米尔问题与印度展开了认真对话。他进一步指出：“目前我们（印度和巴基斯坦）的关系很差，我们互相批评。而为了实现和平以及让战乱地区恢复稳定，印度必须改变对巴基斯坦的政策。”
The handling of the Kashmiri issues has left a lot to be desired. Still, there is time to take a stand. To diplomatically resolve, for it is never too late to build a peace process or to take steps needed to move Kashmir into a post-conflict context. Kashmiris need help to gain human rights and in getting their inherent rights of self-determination. There is a need for a major international campaign raising the need for a political resolution to be found, bringing this focus to the major capitals of the world. The main emphasis should be on a political settlement based on the wishes of the Kashmiri people who are in dire need of peace. Kashmiri’s just want to have peace where they do not have to fight and negotiate for their fundamental rights and dignity. Inviting the UN on further and even deeper fact-finding missions, with visits to Kashmir; hiding nothing and with the only task being that of truth-seeking. The commission will help the UN in implementing its precious resolutions on Kashmir i.e. Right of self-determination to Kashmiris.
克什米尔问题的解决方案仍有许多不足之处。尽管如此，现在也不算太晚。以外交手段解决问题，打造和平进程或采取必要步骤使克什米尔进入无冲突的环境永远不会太晚。有必要开展一场重大的国际运动，提出诉求，并找到一个政治解决办法，把这一运动放在世界各主要国家的首都展开。主要的重点应该基于克什米尔人民迫切需要和平的愿望，进行一个政治解决。克什米尔人只是想实现和平，在和平的环境下，他们不必为自己的基本权利和尊严而斗争和谈判。他们邀请联合国进行更深入的实况调查，访问克什米尔；什么都不隐瞒，唯一的任务就是寻求真相。委员会将帮助联合国执行有关克什米尔问题的宝贵决议，即实现克什米尔人的自决权利。
The author is a PhD candidate at Tsinghua University (Beijing, China), in the School of Journalism and Communication. She can be reached at sidra.jamil@umt.edu.pk
作者是清华大学新闻传播学院博士生(中国北京)。你可以通过邮箱 sidra.jamil@umt.edu.pk 联系到她。
译者：李珂 亚细亚观察研究员，白俄罗斯国立大学研究生；
孙力舟，西南政法大学人权研究院研究员，键睿智库高级研究员，清华大学巴基斯坦文化传播研究中心副主任。
