上睑皮肤松弛(三种方法矫正中重度上睑皮肤松弛效果的比较分析)

上睑皮肤松弛
三种方法矫正中重度上睑皮肤松弛效果的比较分析

郭鹏 张娟 余州 王建章 黄晨 杨宽 张喆 宋保强

本文来源:《中华整形外科杂志》2020年2月 第36卷 第2期
DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1009-4598.2020.02.014

作者单位:空军军医大学西京医院整形外科,西安 710032
通信作者:宋保强,Email: song_huifeng@126.com

引用本文

郭鹏, 张娟, 余州, 等.  三种方法矫正中重度上睑皮肤松弛效果的比较分析 [J] . 中华整形外科杂志,2020,36 (02): 185-192. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1009-4598.2020.02.014

【摘要】 
目的 比较分析3种不同的手术方法矫正中、重度上睑皮肤松弛的临床效果。
方法 回顾分析2017年1月至2019年3月空军军医大学西京医院整形外科采用眉下切口提眉术(subbrow blepharoplasty,SBB),重睑成形术(double eyelid surgery,DES)和眉下切口提眉术联合重睑成形术(combination of subbrow blepharoplasty and double eyelid surgery,CSD)3种方法矫正中、重度上睑皮肤松弛的患者资料。根据手术方式的不同及纳入和排除标准将患者分为SBB组、DES组和CSD组。评价患者术后6个月上睑皮肤松弛改善效果,包括睑缘-角膜映光点距离(MRD1)、角膜内侧睑缘与重睑褶皱距离(MCMFD)、瞳孔中点睑缘与重睑褶皱距离(MPMFD)、外眦处睑缘与重睑褶皱距离(LCMFD),以及上睑皱纹改善效果,并由患者和第三方医师进行视觉模拟评分(VAS)评价。计量资料用均值±标准差表示,组间比较采用单因素方差分析,组间两两比较采用LSD-t检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
结果 90例女性患者被纳入研究,每组30例,患者年龄35~62岁,3组患者年龄及上睑皮肤松弛程度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后随访6~24个月,所有患者术后上睑皮肤松弛和上睑皱纹均得到改善。CSD组2例患者出现呕吐,1例患者出现额部皮肤麻木。SBB组、DES组和CSD组MRD1改善量分别为(0.14±0.09) mm、(0.34±0.11) mm、(0.43±0.15) mm,3组组间比较差异有统计学意义(F=34.537,P<0.001),SBB组与DES组、DES组与CSD组、SBB组与CSD组比较,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为6.418、2.824、9.236,P值分别为<0.001、0.008、<0.001);MCMFD改善量分别为(0.32±0.15) mm、(0.92±0.21) mm、(0.97±0.24) mm,3组组间比较差异有统计学意义(F=94.082,P<0.001),SBB组与DES组、SBB组与CSD组比较,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为11.273、12.404,P值均<0.001),DES组与CSD组比较差异无统计学意义(t=1.132,P=0.261);MPMFD改善量分别为(0.34±0.13) mm、(1.07±0.24) mm、(1.37±0.23) mm,3组组间比较差异有统计学意义(F=193.935,P<0.001),SBB组与DES组、DES组与CSD组、SBB组与CSD组比较,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为13.531、5.628、19.159,P值均<0.001);LCMFD改善量分别为(0.54±0.17) mm、(1.58±0.37) mm、(1.97±0.48) mm,3组组间比较差异有统计学意义(F=121.405,P<0.001),SBB组与DES组、DES组与CSD组、SBB组与CSD组比较,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为10.971、4.097、15.068,P值均<0.001)。上睑皱纹评分改善量:SBB组、DES组、CSD组分别为(0.70±0.47)分、(0.50±0.51)分、(1.20±0.48)分,3组组间比较差异有统计学意义(F=16.471,P<0.001); SBB组与DES组比较,差异无统计学意义(t=1.592,P=0.115),DES组与CSD组、SBB组与CSD组比较,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为5.571、3.979,P值均<0.001)。SBB组、DES组和CSD组VAS患者评分分别为(2.77±0.57)分、(2.17±0.38)分、(3.90±0.31)分,3组组间比较差异有统计学意义(F=124.575,P<0.001),SBB组与DES组、DES组与CSD组、SBB组与CSD组比较,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为5.379、15.541、10.161,P值均<0.001)。VAS医师评分分别为(2.80±0.61)分、(2.27±0.58)分、(4.07±0.45)分,3组组间比较差异有统计学意义(F=84.085,P<0.001),SBB组与DES组、DES组与CSD组、SBB组与CSD组比较,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为3.740、12.624、8.883,P值均<0.001)。
结论 相较于眉下切口提眉术和重睑成形术,眉下切口提眉术联合重睑成形术能够充分切除上睑松弛皮肤,明显减少上睑皱纹,调整和重塑重睑形态,恢复良好的眉眼部美学关系,是矫正中、重度上睑皮肤松弛的更好方法。

【关键词】上睑皮肤松弛; 上睑老化; 提眉术; 重睑成形术; 评估研究

基金项目:国家自然科学基金面上项目 (81571906)

Clinical efficacy comparison of three methods for correction of moderate and severe upper eyelid skin laxity

Guo Peng,  Zhang Juan,  Yu Zhou,  Wang Jianzhang,  Huang Chen,  Yang Kuan,  Zhang Zhe,  Song Baoqiang
Corresponding author: Song Baoqiang, Email:songbq1@163.com 

【Abstract】
Objective To compare and analyze the clinical appplication and therapeutic effect of applying three methods for correction of moderate and severe upper eyelid skin laxity.
Methods From January 2017 to March 2019, retrospective analysis was performed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of applying three methods by Department of Plastic Surgery at Xijing Hospital of Air Force Medical University to correct moderate and severe upper eyelid skin laxity, such as subbrow blepharoplasty(SBB), double eyelid surgery(DES) and combination of subbrow blepharoplasty and double eyelid surgery(CSD). Patients were divided into the SBB group, DES group, and CSD group according to the different surgical methods, inclusion and exclusion criteria. The 6 month postoperative improvement of upper eyelid skin laxity, including marginal reflex distance 1(MRD1), medial corneal margin-fold distance (MCMFD), middle pupil margin-fold distance (MPMFD), lateral canthus margin-fold distance (LCMFD), the improvement of upper eyelid wrinkles and patient and surgeon visual analog scores (VAS) were compared. Measurement data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation, comparison between groups was performed by ANOVA, pairwise comparison between groups was performed by LSD-t test, P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results Ninety female patients were included in this study. Thirty patients in each group, patients were between 35 and 62 years old. There was no significant difference in gender, age, and degree of upper eyelid skin laxity among the three groups (P>0.05). All patients were followed up for 6 to 24 months. Upper eyelid skin laxity and upper eyelid wrinkles were obviously improved in all cases after operation. With the exception of 2 cases of vomiting and 1 case of scalp numbness of CSD group. The improvement of MRD1 in SBB group, DES group and CSD group was (0.14±0.09) mm, (0.34±0.11) mm, (0.43±0.15) mm, showing significant difference between three groups (F=34.537, P <0.001). The differences between the SBB group and the DES group, the DES group and the CSD group, and the SBB group and the CSD group were statistically significant (t=6.418, 2.824, 9.236, P <0.001, 0.008, <0.001). The improvement of MCMFD in SBB group, DES group and CSD group was (0.32±0.15) mm, (0.92±0.21) mm, (0.97±0.24) mm, showing significant difference between three groups (F=94.082, P <0.001). The differences between the SBB group and the DES group, the SBB group and the CSD group were statistically significant (t=11.273, 12.404, P <0.001), and there was no significant difference between the DES group and the CSD group (t=1.132, P=0.261). The improvement of MPMFD in SBB group, DES group and CSD group was (0.34±0.13) mm, (1.07±0.24) mm, (1.37±0.23) mm, showing significant difference between three groups (F=193.935, P<0.001). The differences between the SBB group and the DES group, the DES group and the CSD group, and the SBB group and the CSD group were statistically significant (t=13.531, 5.628, 19.159, P <0.001). The improvement of LCMFD in SBB group, DES group and CSD group was (0.54±0.17) mm, (1.58±0.37) mm, (1.97±0.48) mm, showing significant difference between three groups (F=121.405, P <0.001). The differences between the SBB group and the DES group, the DES group and the CSD group, and the SBB group and the CSD group were statistically significant (t=10.971, 4.097, 15.068, P <0.001). The improvement of upper eyelid wrinkles in SBB group, DES group and CSD group was 0.70±0.47, 0.50±0.51, 1.20±0.48, showing significant difference between three groups (F=16.471, P <0.001). There was no significant difference between the SBB group and the DES group (t=1.592, P=0.115), while the differences between the DES group and the CSD group, and the SBB group and the CSD group were statistically significant (t=5.571, 3.979, P <0.001). The VAS patients score in SBB group, DES group and CSD group was 2.77±0.57, 2.17±0.38, 3.90±0.31, showing significant difference between three groups (F=124.575, P<0.001). The differences between the SBB group and the DES group, the DES group and the CSD group, and the SBB group and the CSD group were statistically significant (t=5.379, 15.541, 10.161, P<0.001). The VAS surgeons score was 2.80±0.61, 2.27±0.58, 4.07±0.45, showing significant difference between three groups (F=84.085, P<0.001). The differences between the SBB group and the DES group, the DES group and the CSD group, and the SBB group and the CSD group were statistically significant (t=3.740, 12.624, 8.883, P<0.001).
Conclusions Compared with subbrow blepharoplasty and double eyelid surgery, the combination of subbrow blepharoplasty and double eyelid surgery is an effective way to excise upper eyelid skin and reduce wrinkles, which has the best results in promoting upper eyelid rejuvenation. It should be considered as optimal method for correction of moderate and severe upper eyelid skin laxity.

【Key words】Upper eyelid skin laxity; Upper eyelid aging; Eyebrow lifting; Double eyelid plasty; Evaluation study

Disclosure of Conflicts of Interest: The authors have no financial interest to declare in relation to the content of this article.
Ethical Approval: Ethical approval was given by the Medical Ethics Committee of Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University(KY20192048-F-2).

      眼周区域作为面部的重要组成部分,在审美和情感表达方面发挥着重要作用。随着年龄的增长,面部逐渐出现老化状态,而眼周的老化最为显著,其中尤以上睑区域老化最早出现。主要表现为上睑皮肤松弛下垂、上睑皱纹增多、外眦及眉尾下垂、重睑形态改变、眉眼比例失去协调性等[1]。为了解决上述问题,我们采用眉下切口提眉术(subbrow blepharoplasty,SBB)、重睑成形术(double eyelid surgery,DES)或眉下切口提眉术联合重睑成形术(combination of subbrow blepharoplasty and double eyelid surgery,CSD)3种方法,对中、重度上睑皮肤松弛患者进行矫正,并对3种方法的术后效果进行分析。

对象与方法

一、研究对象
      回顾性分析2017年1月至2019年3月空军军医大学西京医院整形外科采用SBB、DES或CSD治疗的中、重度上睑皮肤松弛患者的临床资料。
     上睑皮肤松弛诊断标准:中度上睑皮肤松弛,是指上睑皮肤轻度松弛下垂,重睑线大部分消失,鱼尾纹明显增多,上睑区域静态皱纹开始出现,伴有眉峰、眉尾轻度下垂,眉的倾斜度变小;重度上睑皮肤松弛,是指上睑皮肤明显松弛下垂,外眦部皮肤明显塌陷且出现”三角眼”外观,遮挡视野,出现较多鱼尾纹,多伴有眉下垂,眉体变得水平,甚至出现倒睫、睑内翻[2]。
     纳入标准:(1)符合上睑皮肤中、重度松弛诊断标准且年龄为30~65岁;(2)两侧上睑皮肤松弛程度相近;(3)具有先天或后天重睑,并在术后保留重睑形态者;(4)手术均由同一主刀医生完成;(5)随访资料完整可靠,符合本研究效果评价所需资料的要求,具有可比性。排除标准:(1)伴有上睑凹陷、局部瘢痕等复杂情况者;(2)瘢痕体质者;(3)术后6个月内眉眼部注射A型肉毒毒素、玻尿酸等材料者。根据手术方法分为SBB组、DES组、CSD组。
     本研究已通过西京医院伦理委员会批准(KY20192048-F-2号)。

二、手术方法
(一)眉下切口提眉术(SBB)
     术前设计:患者取坐位,目视前方,在睁眼状态下标记出上睑区域角膜内侧缘、瞳孔中线及外眦垂线的位置。而后在闭眼状态下术者用手将患者眉峰及眉尾提升,以眼睑能够正常闭合为宜,分别于角膜内侧缘、瞳孔中线及外眦处测量上睑缘至眉下缘之间的皮肤距离。之后结合患者意愿,将两侧眉部固定于合适位置,在闭眼状态下再次测量角膜内侧缘、瞳孔中线及外眦处上睑缘至眉下缘之间的皮肤距离。2次测量结果之差,即为术中内、中、外侧需切除皮肤的距离。设计切口时,沿眉下缘标记切口线,起点一般距离眉头5~10 mm。切口上缘沿眉下缘向外走行,切口下缘伴行于切口上缘,切皮宽度由眉头至眉尾逐渐增宽后变窄,2条切口线到达眉尾后,可根据患者上睑松弛情况适当向后继续延伸后汇合,延伸距离一般不超过5 mm,此时即形成柳叶形切皮区。切皮最大宽度一般在皮肤松弛最明显的位置即外眦垂线附近,实际操作中可根据患者上睑皮肤松弛情况适当调整,最大宽度一般不超过15 mm。手术操作:采用2%利多卡因+1∶20万肾上腺素局部浸润麻醉,切除标记线范围内的皮肤、皮下组织至眼轮匝肌表面,充分止血后,拉拢对合上、下切缘皮肤及皮下组织,用5-0可吸收线缝合皮下组织,7-0尼龙线间断缝合皮肤切口。

(二)重睑成形术(DES)
      术前设计:患者取坐位并闭眼,切口下缘距离上睑缘5~7 mm,用眼科镊沿切口下缘选择内、中、外3点适当向上夹取上睑多余皮肤,以睫毛轻微上翘为度,依次标记夹取皮肤的上缘作为切口上缘,形成月牙形切皮区。手术操作:局部麻醉后,切除标记线范围内的皮肤、皮下组织,适当剪除切口内一条眼轮匝肌,上睑臃肿者可去除部分中外侧眶脂,修剪上、下切缘,用5-0可吸收线在内、中侧2点挂缝切口下唇眼轮匝肌及睑板前筋膜,7-0尼龙线缝合皮肤切口,缝合皮肤时确保两侧重睑线对称、自然。

(三)眉下切口提眉术联合重睑成形术(CSD)
        术前设计:眉下切口设计同眉下切口提眉术,但根据我们的经验,外眦垂线附近的最大切皮宽度一般需控制在6~10 mm,该去皮量相较单纯眉下切口提眉术有所减少,目的为重睑切口去皮留有一定余量。眉下切口提眉术结束后,设计重睑切口,设计方法同重睑成形术(图1)。手术操作:先行提眉术,切除标记线范围内的皮肤、皮下组织至眼轮匝肌表面,在切口上1/3处切开眼轮匝肌,沿眼轮匝肌深面向睑缘方向剥离约10 mm,向额部方向剥离约10 mm,此时即形成以切口下缘为蒂的眼轮匝肌瓣和切口上缘的肌肉组织瓣,分离过程中注意保护眶上神经和滑车上神经。用3-0不可吸收线将切口下缘眼轮匝肌瓣内、中、外侧3针悬吊固定于切口上缘肌肉组织瓣深部的骨膜处,上提的高度一般与去皮宽度相当,切口上缘肌肉组织瓣覆盖于眼轮匝肌瓣上,适当调整两侧眉部位置,使之对称后依次缝合肌肉、皮肤。施行重睑成形术时,切除标记线范围内的皮肤、皮下组织,适当剪除切口处一条眼轮匝肌,上睑臃肿者可去除部分眶脂。在切口上缘沿眼轮匝肌深面向上分离组织,以松解提眉术上提眼轮匝肌瓣而导致的较大肌肉张力。用5-0可吸收线将切口下缘眼轮匝肌在内、中侧2点挂缝睑板前筋膜,7-0尼龙线缝合皮肤时确保两侧重睑线对称、自然、流畅。

三、效果评价
……

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